{"id":1859,"date":"2017-11-16T00:08:09","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T16:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nutritional-humility.me\/oxystaging\/\/?p=1859"},"modified":"2024-11-10T21:26:26","modified_gmt":"2024-11-10T13:26:26","slug":"universe-25-mouse-utopia-part1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutritional-humility.me\/oxystaging\/universe-25-mouse-utopia-part1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"(Part 1\/3) Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia : The Study"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I recently witnessed the famous Mouse Universe experiment by John Calhoun and this compelled me writing and sharing my thoughts.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of his many published studies, grimly titled<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjLmYCP8J_XAhVEI5QKHbqgCukQFgg0MAI&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.returnofkings.com%2F36915%2Fwhat-humans-can-learn-from-the-mice-utopia-experiment&amp;usg=AOvVaw3tucJPU5q9nzCZZ7CmvvBL\"><b> \"Death Squared: The Explosive Growth and Demise of Mouse Population\"<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0aimed at exploring what would a \"Perfect\" world be like for its citizens. \"Universe\" in other words ~ with unlimited (given) resources both food and water; at least in a mice model.\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>Other goal of the study is to assess the effects of\u00a0<strong>overcrowding<\/strong>\u00a0~ typically ~ social &amp; behavioural markers; territorial, and reproductions included.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"TL;DR - What Was the Mouse Utopia?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HfNKFvHtA3g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1>Enter the \"Perfect\" Universe (for mice).<\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enclosed within this Utopia <b>- were numerous \"apartments\"<\/b> capable for supporting up to 4,000 mice \"citizens\". Litters and all waste were cleaned (voluntarily by humans obviously) ensuring no bio-chemical threat confounder. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjLmYCP8J_XAhVEI5QKHbqgCukQFgg0MAI&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.returnofkings.com%2F36915%2Fwhat-humans-can-learn-from-the-mice-utopia-experiment&amp;usg=AOvVaw3tucJPU5q9nzCZZ7CmvvBL\">According to the study<\/a> the overall food and water availability \/ prepared abundance was so immense; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">theoretically it sufficed to cater the population count of <\/span><b>9,500. <\/b>The<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> water supply was theorised to cater up to <b>6,144 '<\/b>citizens'.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All social &amp; mating observations; from initiation to upbringing were assessed throughout the (almost) <\/span><b>1600-day written observational records<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=mouse+utopia+controversy&amp;oq=mouse+utopia+controversy&amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j0l4j69i60.2618j0j7&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8\">mixed r<\/a>eceptions on the study's release - extrapolating these mice's behavioural analogously towards applied human concerns ~ still remain disputable for decades on, even to this day. <\/span><b>Reading<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1644264\/pdf\/procrsmed00338-0007.pdf\">\u00a0<b>the actual published paper itself<\/b><\/a> still remains highly advisable<b> nonetheless<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because Calhoun himself attempted to address most (though not all) skeptics and counter arguments.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<h1>The Four (4) phases or overall \"evolutions\".<\/h1>\n<p>There were Four as accordingly to the original paper ~ stages or evolutions throughout this fascinating study.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Strive, Growth, Stagnation, and Death.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 5482px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1495745190033-64f95ea0d02f?ixlib=rb-0.3.5&amp;q=85&amp;fm=jpg&amp;crop=entropy&amp;cs=srgb&amp;dl=jeremy-bishop-267839.jpg&amp;s=fedfb3701cc8a2bd9e0846965812c42f,\" alt=\"Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeremy Bishop @ Unsplash<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><strong>Phase A<\/strong> \"Strive\".<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \"Genesis\" in this Universe began with introducing four pairs of \"Adam and Eves\". The first ever (mice) citizens freely roaming the \"planet\". This marked the first of the four phases or evolutions - of which Calhoun titled as <\/span><b>\"Strive\".<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was simply a phase for exploration and adjustments within the Universe's environment or the \"apartments\" ~ where to access the consumable resources (food + water). Early settlements appeared to form as early signs of territorial divisions. However, social dominance or conflicts amidst during this early population - were seemingly non-significant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A brave new world began. <em>The curtain was opened.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h2>Phase B -\u00a0\"Growth\".<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 4205px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1435686858161-59da32dfd4b4?ixlib=rb-0.3.5&amp;q=85&amp;fm=jpg&amp;crop=entropy&amp;cs=srgb&amp;dl=davide-ragusa-24118.jpg&amp;s=4c64e1019896224deb8e2b92b42b7fbf,\" alt=\"Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia\" width=\"4195\" height=\"2786\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davide Ragusa @ Unsplash<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An exponential increase in populations were noted. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost doubling over previously recorded <\/span><b>quota on every 55 days.\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mating events successfully occurred as soon as sexual maturity age were reached.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calhoun hypothesized this as how<\/span><b> \"active\" <\/b>the male population were at initiating all sexual reproductive instincts.\u00a0He termed this<b>\u00a0\"Social Velocity\". <\/b><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These \"active\" males appears to be more localised in certain parts. Mostly on the<strong> south western side of the Universe.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throughout days #86 to #338 saw a heightened, and interestingly specific ~ territorial densities. Despite food + water supply were scattered as evenly possible - some areas of the Universe <\/span><b>seemed distinctly more concentrated in sexual mating events than others. <\/b>In other words, some areas appeared \"lonely\".<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \"older\" aged population on the other hand appeared to be congregating on the complete opposite corner (North Eastern of the Universe). This area produced the fewest offsprings compared to its opposite \"younger\" region. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>As quoted:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>\"The north east brood group produced only 13 young in 252 days where as the opposite South West brood group produced over eight times as many, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">111.<\/span>\"\u00a0(Calhoun, J. 1973).<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Phase C<\/strong> - \"Stagnation\".<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 3961px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1507924267304-e51febff7b1c?ixlib=rb-0.3.5&amp;q=85&amp;fm=jpg&amp;crop=entropy&amp;cs=srgb&amp;dl=peter-lewicki-411599.jpg&amp;s=59599d7b0727e56b9973c6e4d1f0c39a,\" alt=\"Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia\" width=\"3951\" height=\"2793\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Lewicki @ Unsplash<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall population began to plateau. In some areas they declined.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increasingly \"violent\" activity seemed arising. Possible goal for this was for dominance fought amongst the male (and later on - females). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rates of injuries and deaths amongst the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lesser<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> active and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lesser<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dominant individuals\u00a0<strong>were increasing.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The growing numbers of \"passive\" males - especially noted by the scars \/ wounds on their tails \u00a0congregated further and further - towards <b><i>\u00a0the \u00a0epicentre of the entire Universe.<\/i><\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maternity roles; whom the females responsibly nurtured their young optimally - <strong>s<\/strong><\/span><b>eemed increasingly abandoned &amp; neglected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">noted by Calhoun:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"Females transported their young to several sites, during which process some where abandoned. Many litters of a young age on one survey disappeared before the next survey...<\/span><\/i><i>.Such abandoning of young following survey disturbance<\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a particularly sensitive index of dissolution of maternal behaviour.\" (Calhoun, J. 1973)<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost all nesting sites that were once protected - now ploughed in the process due to the territorial invasions. Throughout this Phase, signs of <strong>aggression or of overall hostility of the females increasingly were matching to that of their male cohort.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whilst chaos persisted in the background - few appears to take refuge elsewhere on the solitary spaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These \"survivors\" were later then named by Calhoun - as <\/span><b>\"The Beautiful Ones\".<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Phase D<\/strong> - \"Death\".<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1482px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EhSxbBCjr9A\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1477132394330-d2376dc4c091?auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;w=1472&amp;q=60&amp;ixid=dW5zcGxhc2guY29tOzs7Ozs%3D\" alt=\"Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia\" width=\"1472\" height=\"845\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Cohen @ Unsplash<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From day #600 onwards; more <em>deaths<\/em> were observed than <em>births. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any attempts at\u00a0<strong>increasing<\/strong> stable population growth - seemed futile. Mating events now became disruptive. Maternal behaviours grew more unusual. <\/span><b><i>Homosexuality <\/i><\/b><i>began proliferating. <\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only a few numbers of natural births occurred, <\/span><b>but this was greatly offsetted\u00a0<\/b>by the rising # of deaths from and amongst all the fighting.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps the most interesting, were the rise (as well as solitary deaths) of the passive and non-warring mice whom Calhoun called <\/span><b>\"The Beautiful Ones\"<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These mice were not only exemplary of hoarding and overly protective - of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simplistic living patterns. Namely ~ eating, \"grooming\", and sleeping; on constant repeat. <strong>But their sexual reproductive instincts \/ desires - seemed muted.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neither did they evoke - random acts of violence either. What appeared extraordinary is their \"beautiful\" appearance. <\/span><\/em><b><em>Bleached white skin, gentle furs, alert and bright red eyes. Free from battle-scars and\/or\u00a0 wounded tails.<\/em> <\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile ~ increasingly premature abandonment(s) from mothers and their children from the previous Phase (\"C\") continued. Any signs of traditional raising patterns were almost nil, that is ~ <\/span><b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offsprings were immediately abandoned by their mothers<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The last known recorded conception was noted in Day #920.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i>From there onwards, all inhabitants of Universe 25\u00a0 <strong>proceeds to decline rapidly.\u00a0<\/strong><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Added to this toll ~ the (solitary) deaths of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The Beautiful Ones; as they<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nonetheless continued escaping in solitary spaces as far away from the violent territories. Despite their fates headed towards little else than dying alone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dawn of day #1588 - was marked as the final day of Universe 25.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An <em><strong>\"inexorable decline\";<\/strong><\/em> as Calhoun wrote. What was left and recorded as final population count on this day - were just\u00a0<strong>twenty-three (23) females and four (4) males.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">...The curtain was closed.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1060px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/44se2xSCo00\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1465066989788-372fcdde2f2c?auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;w=1050&amp;q=60&amp;ixid=dW5zcGxhc2guY29tOzs7Ozs%3D\" alt=\"Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elijah Flores @ Unsplash<\/p><\/div>\n<h1>The theory behind the decline - \"Behavioural Sink\" and its Critic(s)<\/h1>\n<p>Multiple theories and hypothesis\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/videos\/comments\/33qswd\/the_famous_population_growth_experiment_of\/\">still remains to this day actively debated<\/a>. Among them was largely a critique on Calhoun's causation hypothesis known as the \"Behavioural Sink\". In short definition -<em> through <strong>concentrated population density<\/strong> in any given localised area alone; <\/em>leads to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=doOXWSXbRCc\">an observed hopelessness or oblivious irrationality<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hence \"Behavioural Sink\" suggested that environmental factors led to the mice's destined demise.<\/p>\n<h2>Excess Totalitarian \"In\"-clusivity VS embracing \"Ex\"-clusivity.<\/h2>\n<p>A notable critique to the Behavioural Sink however was raised by <strong>Psychologist Jonathan Freedman<\/strong>.\u00a0He hypothesized it was not so much about the physical aspect of <strong>\"overcrowdedness\"<\/strong> being the causality to the mortality \/ exponential decline. Rather - the already seemingly enforced <strong>expectation<\/strong> among the behaviours witnessed ~ towards social <em><strong>in-<\/strong><\/em>teractivity than that of social <em><strong>ex-<\/strong><\/em>clusivity.<\/p>\n<p>He hypothesized that perhaps Totalitarian <strong>in<\/strong>-clusivity was seemingly encouraged. Given that overlapping (and warring) conquests inbetween divisions for total dominance were constant.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nihrecord.nih.gov\/newsletters\/2008\/07_25_2008\/story1.htm\">This may seem difficult to understand. But another likewise critique by Dr. Edmund Ramsden<\/a> summed it up in two part\/s:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\"...Moral decay could arise not from density, but from excessive social interaction,\u201d<br \/>\nand (as continued) -\u00a0<\/em><em>\" It was the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>unwanted<\/strong> <strong>unavoidable<\/strong><\/span> social interaction that drove even fairly social creatures mad,\" <a href=\"https:\/\/nihrecord.nih.gov\/newsletters\/2008\/07_25_2008\/story1.htm\"> (Ramsden, E. 2008).<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Notice the word \"unwanted\". And \"unavoidable\". This hints that there appears to be a question of \"choice\".<\/p>\n<p>Consider those who survived and found solace in sparse distant locale's aka \"<strong>The Beautiful Ones\".\u00a0<\/strong>Perhaps these behaviours - were rationally instinct in order to evade or simply avoid the totalitarian\u00a0 chaos towards\"In\"-clusivity. At the very least they <strong>appear to have chosen<\/strong> these course of actions ~ by not participating amidst the violence and instead finding whatever space left for and amongst themselves.<\/p>\n<p>Noting this, Calhoun's colleague tried physically relocating (the Beautiful Ones) into another Universe to see if sexual reproduction was possible with \u00a0\"adequate sex partners\" (page 85). Yet failed miserably, as cited;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\"Even placing them with adequate sex partners of the opposite sex, that had matured in uncrowded conditions, also gave very little indication of retention of any adequate reproductive behaviour.\"<\/em> (page 85).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Once again, the above finding speculates ~ that the Beautiful Ones <em><strong>rejects (by \"choice\", once again)<\/strong><\/em> on anything new than their own survival comfort. Even when inadvertently placed in a fresh new environment for mating opportunities ~ led these mice in confusion, awkwardness and hesitance to reproduce.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 980px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.peakpx.com\/625965\/leaf-fall-autumn-brown-full-frame\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/c1.peakpx.com\/wallpaper\/153\/487\/704\/leaf-fall-autumn-wallpaper-preview.jpg\" alt=\"Matthew Hamilton @ Creative Commons\" width=\"970\" height=\"646\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matthew \u00a0Hamilton @ Creative Commons<\/p><\/div>\n<h1>...So what are \"my\" thoughts?<\/h1>\n<p>It depends on what <strong>context<\/strong> this question is aimed at. If it were me being squarely asked whether I believe the Behavioural Sink theory holds applicably true for humans? <strong>I'd say both yes and no<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h6>It is impossible to curate my thoughts all in one writing. <a href=\"http:\/\/nutritional-humility.me\/\/part-22-universe-25-mouse-utopia-my-thoughts\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, read on here to proceed for part 2 whereby I will be splitting my thoughts into several points.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I recently witnessed the famous Mouse Universe experiment by John Calhoun and this compelled me writing and sharing my thoughts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2177,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1859","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insights","category-thoughts"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>(Part 1\/3) Universe 25 \/ Mouse Utopia : The Study - fair-enough.me<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"If ever there is a such a point in time you are granted infinite resources (and thus, consumption + mating opportunities) is it really Utopia? 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